donderdag 13 december 2012

Hacked Review System Leads To Fake Reviews and Retraction of Scientific Papers

How to be a successful scientist:
1. Create a fake reviewer account
2. Peer-review your own work
3. Publish!

 
 

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via Slashdot by Unknown Lamer on 12/12/12

dstates writes "Retraction Watch reports that fake reviewer information was placed in Elsevier's peer review database allowing unethical authors to review their own or colleagues manuscripts. As a result, 11 scientific publications have been retracted. The hack is particularly embarrassing for Elsevier because the commercial publisher has been arguing that the quality of its review process justifies its restrictive access policies and high costs of the journals it publishes."

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woensdag 12 december 2012

Confuse Your Illusion: Feedback to Early Visual Cortex Contributes to Percep...

 
 

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via Psychological Science RSS feed -- Preview Articles door Wokke, M. E., Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Scholte, H. S., Lamme, V. A. F. op 10-12-12

A striking example of the constructive nature of visual perception is how the human visual system completes contours of occluded objects. To date, it is unclear whether perceptual completion emerges during early stages of visual processing or whether higher-level mechanisms are necessary. To answer this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to disrupt signaling in V1/V2 and in the lateral occipital (LO) area at different moments in time while participants performed a discrimination task involving a Kanizsa-type illusory figure. Results show that both V1/V2 and higher-level visual area LO are critically involved in perceptual completion. However, these areas seem to be involved in an inverse hierarchical fashion, in which the critical time window for V1/V2 follows that for LO. These results are in line with the growing evidence that feedback to V1/V2 contributes to perceptual completion.


 
 

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maandag 10 december 2012

Dynamic coding of border-ownership in visual cortex

 
 

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via Journal of Vision recent issues by Layton, O. W., Mingolla, E., Yazdanbakhsh, A. on 12/6/12

Abstract Humans are capable of rapidly determining whether regions in a visual scene appear as figures in the foreground or as background, yet how figure-ground segregation occurs in the primate visual system is unknown. Figures in the environment are perceived to own their borders, and recent neurophysiology has demonstrated that certain cells in primate visual area V2 have border-ownership selectivity. We present a dynamic model based on physiological data that indicates areas V1, V2, and V4 act as an interareal network to determine border-ownership. Our model predicts that competition between curvature- sensitive cells in V4 that have on-surround receptive fields of different sizes can determine likely figure locations and rapidly propagate the information interareally to V2 border-ownership cells that receive contrast information from V1. In the model border-ownership is an emergent property produced by the dynamic interactions between V1, V2, and V4, one which could not be determined by any single cortical area alone.

 
 

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maandag 3 december 2012

Perceived causalities of physical events are influenced by social cues.

 
 

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via Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance - Vol 38, Iss 6 by Zhou, Jifan; Huang, Xiang; Jin, Xinyi; Liang, Junying; Shui, Rende; Shen, Mowei on 4/16/12

In simple mechanical events, we can directly perceive causal interactions of the physical objects. Physical cues (especially spatiotemporal features of the display) are found to associate with causal perception. Here, we demonstrate that cues of a completely different domain— social cues—also impact the causal perception of physical events: The causally ambiguous events are more likely to be perceived as causal if the faces superimposed on the objects change from neutral to fearful. This effect has the following major properties: (a) The effect is caused by social information because it disappears when the faces are inverted or when the expression changes are unreasonable; (b) the social cues are integrated in a temporal window different from physical cues; and (c) the social cues impact the perception process rather than the decision process as the impact also appears in the causality-induced illusion. These findings suggest that the visual system relies on social information to infer the causal structure of the physical world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

 
 

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Perceptual grouping allows for attention to cover noncontiguous locations an...

 
 

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via Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance - Vol 38, Iss 6 by Kerzel, Dirk; Born, Sabine; Schönhammer, Josef on 3/19/12

A salient stimulus may interrupt visual search because of attentional capture. It has been shown that attentional capture occurs with a wide, but not with a small attentional window. We tested the hypothesis that capture depends more strongly on the shape of the attentional window than on its size. Search elements were arranged in two nested rings. The ring containing the search target remained fixed, while a salient color singleton occurred either in the same or in the other ring. We observed that color singletons only disrupted search when shown in the same ring as the search target. It is important to note that, when focusing on the outer array, which presumably required a larger attentional window, singletons on the inner array did not capture attention. In contrast to the original attentional window hypothesis, our results show that attentional capture does not always occur with a large attentional window. Rather, attention can be flexibly allocated to the set of relevant stimulus locations and attentional capture is confined to the attended locations. Further experiments showed that attention was allocated to search elements that were perceptually grouped into "whole" or "Gestalt"-like objects, which prevented attentional capture from nearby locations. However, when attention was allocated to noncontiguous locations that did not form a perceptual Gestalt, nearby locations elicited attentional capture. Perceptual grouping could be based on a combination of color and position, but not on color alone. Thus, the allocation of attention to Gestalt-like objects that were jointly defined by similarity and proximity prevented attentional capture from nearby locations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

 
 

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