vrijdag 26 april 2013

Top-down influences on visual processing

http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v14/n5/full/nrn3476.html

 

 

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maandag 11 maart 2013

Functional specialization and generalization for grouping of stimuli based o...

 
 

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June 2013
Publication year: 2013
Source:NeuroImage, Volume 73

This study was undertaken to learn whether the principle of functional specialization that is evident at the level of the prestriate visual cortex extends to areas that are involved in grouping visual stimuli according to attribute, and specifically according to colour and motion. Subjects viewed, in an fMRI scanner, visual stimuli composed of moving dots, which could be either coloured or achromatic; in some stimuli the moving coloured dots were randomly distributed or moved in random directions; in others, some of the moving dots were grouped together according to colour or to direction of motion, with the number of groupings varying from 1 to 3. Increased activation was observed in area V4 in response to colour grouping and in V5 in response to motion grouping while both groupings led to activity in separate though contiguous compartments within the intraparietal cortex. The activity in all the above areas was parametrically related to the number of groupings, as was the prominent activity in Crus I of the cerebellum where the activity resulting from the two types of grouping overlapped. This suggests (a) that, the specialized visual areas of the prestriate cortex have functions beyond the processing of visual signals according to attribute, namely that of grouping signals according to colour (V4) or motion (V5); (b) that the functional separation evident in visual cortical areas devoted to motion and colour, respectively, is maintained at the level of parietal cortex, at least as far as grouping according to attribute is concerned; and (c) that, by contrast, this grouping-related functional segregation is not maintained at the level of the cerebellum.

Highlights

► Subjects viewed stimuli containing groups defined by motion or colour. ► There was grouping related activity in cerebellum, in prestriate and parietal cortex. ► Activity in parietal cortex, but not cerebellum, was segregated according to modality.

 
 

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zondag 24 februari 2013

TED: Ami Klin: A new way to diagnose autism - Ami Klin (2011)

 
 

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via TEDTalks (video) by TEDTalks on 6/9/12

Early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder can improve the lives of everyone affected, but the complex network of causes make it incredibly difficult to predict. At TEDxPeachtree, Ami Klin describes a new early detection method that uses eye-tracking technologies to gauge babies' social engagement skills and reliably measure their risk of developing autism. (Filmed at TEDxPeachTree.)

 
 

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dinsdag 12 februari 2013

PeerJ leads a high-quality, low-cost new breed of open-access publisher

 
 

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via Education: Higher education | guardian.co.uk by Mike Taylor on 2/12/13

A one-off fee allows researchers to publish as many papers as they like. The first open access PeerJ articles appear today

We all know by now that traditional academic publishing is in an appalling mess. Locking publicly funded research behind a paywall is completely unacceptable, and happily our government understands this. The Finch Report has rightly mandated that research must be published as open access. So profiteering publishers, seeing the writing on the wall, are offering authors open-access options.

But corporations addicted to profit margins of 32-42% find it hard to give them up. As a result, while the world's leading open-access journal, PLOS ONE, is able to be financially self-sustaining by charging an article processing fee (APC) of $1,350 (£865) (and offering no-questions-asked waivers to authors without APC funding), the legacy publishers charge significantly more for inferior products. Where PLOS ONE imposes no limits on manuscript length, number of figures, use of colour etc., Elsevier's nearly-open-access articles cost $3,000 despite being limited in all these respects. Likewise, Springer's Open Choice costs $3,000 and Taylor & Francis's Open Select costs $2,950.

It is maybe not surprising that the Finch Report's financial estimates assumed average APCs of £1,500-£2,000, and that some academics are baulking at such prices.

Into that landscape come three exciting newcomers that are changing the market much more profoundly than the slow-moving incumbents yet realise. eLIFE is positioned as a highly selective and prestigious open-access alternative to Science and Nature. It published its first articles three months ago. PeerJ is a PLOS ONE-like mega-journal and it publishes its first articles today. Momentum has built further with the announcement of the Open Library of Humanities (OLH) last month, a PLOS-like initiative for the humanities and social sciences.

All three of these new kids on the block are radically innovative, all are moving fast, and all are backed by some serious muscle. eLIFE is sponsored by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society and Wellcome Trust; as a result, it's able to waive all APCs while it establishes itself, and may do so indefinitely.

The academic steering committee of the OLH is packed with heavy hitters, and well on course to do for the humanities what PLOS did for the sciences. While the level of its APC has not yet been set, it has been established that no one will be prevented from publishing there by lack of funds.

But it is PeerJ that has the most interesting financial approach. It doesn't exactly have an APC at all, instead charging a one-off fee for a lifetime membership that gives the right to publish repeatedly at no further cost. Membership plans start at $99, which allows you to publish one paper a year, or $299 gets you an infinite plan: publish anything you want, any time you like. (All authors of multi-author papers must be members.)

Sounds crazy, right? How can that be financially sustainable? What kind of idiots would start such a venture?

I'll tell you who: Pete Binfield, who was the editor-in-chief of PLOS ONE as it became the world's biggest journal. There is nobody in the world who knows more about what it takes to run a successful open-access mega-journal. His co-founder is Jason Hoyt, who built much of the phenomenally successful collaborative reference-manager Mendeley.

So they both have great track records. But might their enthusiasm have run away with them? Did wishful thinking persuade them that this utopian approach can work? What kind of idiot would invest in such a business?

I'll tell you who: Internet guru Tim O'Reilly, who founded and runs O'Reilly Media, arguably the world's most respected publisher of programming books, including open-access books. There may be nobody in the world who better understands how to monetise free content.

But the strength of PeerJ goes much deeper than the founders and governing board. The members of the academic board, for example, have five Nobel prizes between them. From top to bottom it's a quality organisation, and that dedication to quality is reflected in the way my own manuscript has been handled.

I, with my colleague Matt Wedel, sent it on 3 December - the day PeerJ submissions opened. We were assigned a handling editor whose own research we greatly respect, and he sent the manuscript to two reviewers. We got an initial decision ("accept with moderate revisions") less than three weeks later, accompanied by two reviews, one of which was particularly helpful and detailed. Our revised manuscript was accepted, and we have since been through two pageproof cycles. All this has happened in time for publication today – only 10 weeks after initial submission. That's by far the fastest any manuscript of mine has ever been handled. It's not unusual for the process to take more than a year.

So now, the resulting paper is free to the world, with all its high-resolution colour illustrations. Best of all, in a move towards increasing transparency, the peer reviews, our response letters and the handling editor's comments are all online alongside the paper. This is good not only because it shows that no corners were cut, but also because the reviewers can receive the credit they deserve for their contributions.

Legacy publishers haven't noticed it yet, but their world is ending. PeerJ handled our paper in a fifth of the time a typical journal would have taken, for one thirtieth the cost, producing a far more useful and even beautiful result, and with a transparent peer-review process.

There is no way the Elseviers and Springers can compete with that. While Elsevier is still trying to figure out what its "sponsored article" licence is, and whether it's even going to be truly open access, PeerJ has appeared out of nowhere and eaten its lunch.

Traditional publishers didn't take PLOS ONE seriously when it launched. By the time they'd finished sneering at it, it had overtaken all their journals for volume and most of them for impact. It looks like PeerJ is going to do the same before they even have time to start sneering. As a palaeontologist, the only conclusion I can draw is that they've been out-evolved.


guardian.co.uk © 2013 Guardian News and Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds


 
 

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maandag 14 januari 2013

Comparing face processing strategies between typically-developed observers a...

 
 

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Available online 12 January 2013
Publication year: 2013
Source:Vision Research

In the present study we modified the standard classification image method by subsampling visual stimuli to provide us with a technique capable of examining an individual's face-processing strategy in detail with fewer trials. Experiment 1 confirmed that one testing session (1450 trials) was sufficient to produce classification images that were qualitatively similar to those obtained previously with 10,000 trials (Sekuler, Gaspar, Gold, & Bennett, 2004). Experiment 2 used this method to compare classification images obtained from observers with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and typically-developing (TD) observers. As was found in Experiment 1, classification images obtained from TD observers suggested that they all discriminated faces based on information conveyed by pixels in the eyes/brow region. In contrast, classification images obtained from ASD observers suggested that they used different perceptual strategies: three out of five ASD observers used a typical strategy of making use of information in the eye/brow region, but two used an atypical strategy that relied on information in the forehead region. The advantage of using the response classification technique is that there is no restriction to specific theoretical perspectives or a priori hypotheses, which enabled us to see unexpected strategies, like ASD's forehead strategy, and thus showed this technique is particularly useful in the examination of special populations.

Highlights

► We modified classification image technique working fine with fewer trials than ever. ► The technique was applied to autistic individuals to show face-processing strategy. ► We showed unexpected autistic observer's face-processing strategy on forehead.

 
 

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zaterdag 5 januari 2013

A bit about patches, textures, and masks in PsychoPy

A thorough guide on drawing stimuli in psychopy.
 
 
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A bit about patches, textures, and masks in PsychoPy

PsychoPy is a powerful Python library for creating the type of stimuli that are frequently used in psychological and neuroscientific experiments. I use it all the time, mostly from within OpenSesame, but I remember that I initially found working with PsychoPy quite daunting. This is because PsychoPy takes a very different approach to stimulus generation than most people are used to. You have to think in terms of patches, textures, and, masks, rather than in conventional drawing primitives, such as rectangles and lines (although newer versions of PsychoPy also support these drawing primitives). Therefore, I decided to write a short tutorial that explains the basics of working with PsychoPy.


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donderdag 3 januari 2013

The Time Course of Perceptual Grouping in Natural Scenes

 
 

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via Psychological Science current issue by Korjoukov, I., Jeurissen, D., Kloosterman, N. A., Verhoeven, J. E., Scholte, H. S., Roelfsema, P. R. on 12/14/12

Visual perception starts with localized filters that subdivide the image into fragments that undergo separate analyses. The visual system has to reconstruct objects by grouping image fragments that belong to the same object. A widely held view is that perceptual grouping occurs in parallel across the visual scene and without attention. To test this idea, we measured the speed of grouping in pictures of animals and vehicles. In a classification task, these pictures were categorized efficiently. In an image-parsing task, participants reported whether two cues fell on the same or different objects, and we measured reaction times. Despite the participants' fast object classification, perceptual grouping required more time if the distance between cues was larger, and we observed an additional delay when the cues fell on different parts of a single object. Parsing was also slower for inverted than for upright objects. These results imply that perception starts with rapid object classification and that rapid classification is followed by a serial perceptual grouping phase, which is more efficient for objects in a familiar orientation than for objects in an unfamiliar orientation.


 
 

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Visual Aesthetics and Human Preference

 
 

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via Annual Reviews: Annual Review of Psychology: Table of Contents by announce@annualreviews.org (Stephen E. Palmer et al) on 1/2/13

Annual Review of Psychology Volume 64, Page 77-107, January 2013.

 
 

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donderdag 13 december 2012

Hacked Review System Leads To Fake Reviews and Retraction of Scientific Papers

How to be a successful scientist:
1. Create a fake reviewer account
2. Peer-review your own work
3. Publish!

 
 

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via Slashdot by Unknown Lamer on 12/12/12

dstates writes "Retraction Watch reports that fake reviewer information was placed in Elsevier's peer review database allowing unethical authors to review their own or colleagues manuscripts. As a result, 11 scientific publications have been retracted. The hack is particularly embarrassing for Elsevier because the commercial publisher has been arguing that the quality of its review process justifies its restrictive access policies and high costs of the journals it publishes."

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woensdag 12 december 2012

Confuse Your Illusion: Feedback to Early Visual Cortex Contributes to Percep...

 
 

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via Psychological Science RSS feed -- Preview Articles door Wokke, M. E., Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Scholte, H. S., Lamme, V. A. F. op 10-12-12

A striking example of the constructive nature of visual perception is how the human visual system completes contours of occluded objects. To date, it is unclear whether perceptual completion emerges during early stages of visual processing or whether higher-level mechanisms are necessary. To answer this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to disrupt signaling in V1/V2 and in the lateral occipital (LO) area at different moments in time while participants performed a discrimination task involving a Kanizsa-type illusory figure. Results show that both V1/V2 and higher-level visual area LO are critically involved in perceptual completion. However, these areas seem to be involved in an inverse hierarchical fashion, in which the critical time window for V1/V2 follows that for LO. These results are in line with the growing evidence that feedback to V1/V2 contributes to perceptual completion.


 
 

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maandag 10 december 2012

Dynamic coding of border-ownership in visual cortex

 
 

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via Journal of Vision recent issues by Layton, O. W., Mingolla, E., Yazdanbakhsh, A. on 12/6/12

Abstract Humans are capable of rapidly determining whether regions in a visual scene appear as figures in the foreground or as background, yet how figure-ground segregation occurs in the primate visual system is unknown. Figures in the environment are perceived to own their borders, and recent neurophysiology has demonstrated that certain cells in primate visual area V2 have border-ownership selectivity. We present a dynamic model based on physiological data that indicates areas V1, V2, and V4 act as an interareal network to determine border-ownership. Our model predicts that competition between curvature- sensitive cells in V4 that have on-surround receptive fields of different sizes can determine likely figure locations and rapidly propagate the information interareally to V2 border-ownership cells that receive contrast information from V1. In the model border-ownership is an emergent property produced by the dynamic interactions between V1, V2, and V4, one which could not be determined by any single cortical area alone.

 
 

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maandag 3 december 2012

Perceived causalities of physical events are influenced by social cues.

 
 

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via Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance - Vol 38, Iss 6 by Zhou, Jifan; Huang, Xiang; Jin, Xinyi; Liang, Junying; Shui, Rende; Shen, Mowei on 4/16/12

In simple mechanical events, we can directly perceive causal interactions of the physical objects. Physical cues (especially spatiotemporal features of the display) are found to associate with causal perception. Here, we demonstrate that cues of a completely different domain— social cues—also impact the causal perception of physical events: The causally ambiguous events are more likely to be perceived as causal if the faces superimposed on the objects change from neutral to fearful. This effect has the following major properties: (a) The effect is caused by social information because it disappears when the faces are inverted or when the expression changes are unreasonable; (b) the social cues are integrated in a temporal window different from physical cues; and (c) the social cues impact the perception process rather than the decision process as the impact also appears in the causality-induced illusion. These findings suggest that the visual system relies on social information to infer the causal structure of the physical world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

 
 

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Perceptual grouping allows for attention to cover noncontiguous locations an...

 
 

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via Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance - Vol 38, Iss 6 by Kerzel, Dirk; Born, Sabine; Schönhammer, Josef on 3/19/12

A salient stimulus may interrupt visual search because of attentional capture. It has been shown that attentional capture occurs with a wide, but not with a small attentional window. We tested the hypothesis that capture depends more strongly on the shape of the attentional window than on its size. Search elements were arranged in two nested rings. The ring containing the search target remained fixed, while a salient color singleton occurred either in the same or in the other ring. We observed that color singletons only disrupted search when shown in the same ring as the search target. It is important to note that, when focusing on the outer array, which presumably required a larger attentional window, singletons on the inner array did not capture attention. In contrast to the original attentional window hypothesis, our results show that attentional capture does not always occur with a large attentional window. Rather, attention can be flexibly allocated to the set of relevant stimulus locations and attentional capture is confined to the attended locations. Further experiments showed that attention was allocated to search elements that were perceptually grouped into "whole" or "Gestalt"-like objects, which prevented attentional capture from nearby locations. However, when attention was allocated to noncontiguous locations that did not form a perceptual Gestalt, nearby locations elicited attentional capture. Perceptual grouping could be based on a combination of color and position, but not on color alone. Thus, the allocation of attention to Gestalt-like objects that were jointly defined by similarity and proximity prevented attentional capture from nearby locations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

 
 

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donderdag 29 november 2012

The Problem With Math Is That It Makes People Seem Smart


 
 
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The Problem With Math Is That It Makes People Seem Smart

In 1996 physicist Alan Sokal succeeded in getting a unique article published in the journal Social Text. The article was titled "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity," and it was unique because it was complete gibberish. Known as the Sokal Hoax, it was a crowning moment for pretense-haters everywhere.

While journal editors have managed to avoid similar public shamings of late, a Swedish researcher named Kimmo Eriksson decided to investigate whether academics are in fact impressed by things they don't understand, even if those things are nonsense. Specifically, Eriksson wanted to see how people with research experience judged abstracts containing a nonsense math equation (pdf):

Participants were presented with the abstracts from two published papers (one in evolutionary anthropology and one in sociology). Based on these abstracts, participants were asked to judge the quality of the research. Either one or the other of the two abstracts was manipulated through the inclusion of an extra sentence taken from a completely unrelated paper and presenting an equation that made no sense in the context. The abstract that included the meaningless mathematics tended to be judged of higher quality. However, this "nonsense math effect" was not found among participants with degrees in mathematics, science, technology or medicine.

Obviously it's distressing to see research-savvy people base their judgments on nonsense, but beyond that there are two ways to spin the deeper meaning of the findings. The positive spin is that because math is judged to add quality, people will be motivated to learn and use mathematics. The negative spin is that math improves judgments of quality because it suggests the mastery of a difficult skill that people want no part of. In this case math has been shut out to the point that an equation is strictly a signal rather than something to be understood and evaluated.

The potential to develop this kind of hands-off attitude toward math is one reason it's important not to let elementary school kids take on a "math is not for me" identity. It's fine if a kid decides not to become an engineer, but it can be problematic if you're so uncomfortable with math that you develop faulty heuristics to use when your have to deal with it.
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Eriksson, Kimmo (2012). The nonsense math effect Judgment and Decision Making, 7 (6), 746-749


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dinsdag 20 november 2012

An emerging consensus for open evaluation: 18 visions for the future of scie...

 
 

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via pubmed: top authors by Kriegeskorte N, Walther A, Deca D on 11/20/12

An emerging consensus for open evaluation: 18 visions for the future of scientific publishing.

Front Comput Neurosci. 2012;6:94

Authors: Kriegeskorte N, Walther A, Deca D

PMID: 23162460 [PubMed - in process]


 
 

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woensdag 7 november 2012

Cite from search results

Finally!

 
 

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per Google Scholar Blog autorius jconnor 12.10.17

I remember writing research papers as a student and being frustrated at the tedium of formatting citations according to the strictures of the Modern Language Association.  Today we're simplifying this process by adding the ability to copy-and-paste formatted citations from search results.  To copy a formatted citation, click on the "Cite" link below a search result and select from the available citation styles (currently MLA, APA, or Chicago):

You can also use one of the import links to import the citation into BibTeX or another bibliography manager.  We hope that simplifying the chore of citation formatting will let you focus on what you really want to work on: writing a great paper!

Posted by: James Connor, Software Engineer


 
 

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maandag 5 november 2012

Top-Down Feedback in an HMAX-Like Cortical Model of Object Perception Based on Hierarchical Bayesian Networks and Belief Propagation

HMAX, now with feedback... Sander
 
 
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Top-Down Feedback in an HMAX-Like Cortical Model of Object Perception Based on Hierarchical Bayesian Networks and Belief Propagation

by Salvador Dura-Bernal, Thomas Wennekers, Susan L. Denham

Hierarchical generative models, such as Bayesian networks, and belief propagation have been shown to provide a theoretical framework that can account for perceptual processes, including feedforward recognition and feedback modulation. The framework explains both psychophysical and physiological experimental data and maps well onto the hierarchical distributed cortical anatomy. However, the complexity required to model cortical processes makes inference, even using approximate methods, very computationally expensive. Thus, existing object perception models based on this approach are typically limited to tree-structured networks with no loops, use small toy examples or fail to account for certain perceptual aspects such as invariance to transformations or feedback reconstruction. In this study we develop a Bayesian network with an architecture similar to that of HMAX, a biologically-inspired hierarchical model of object recognition, and use loopy belief propagation to approximate the model operations (selectivity and invariance). Crucially, the resulting Bayesian network extends the functionality of HMAX by including top-down recursive feedback. Thus, the proposed model not only achieves successful feedforward recognition invariant to noise, occlusions, and changes in position and size, but is also able to reproduce modulatory effects such as illusory contour completion and attention. Our novel and rigorous methodology covers key aspects such as learning using a layerwise greedy algorithm, combining feedback information from multiple parents and reducing the number of operations required. Overall, this work extends an established model of object recognition to include high-level feedback modulation, based on state-of-the-art probabilistic approaches. The methodology employed, consistent with evidence from the visual cortex, can be potentially generalized to build models of hierarchical perceptual organization that include top-down and bottom-up interactions, for example, in other sensory modalities.

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zaterdag 27 oktober 2012

Bilateral Theta-Burst TMS to Influence Global Gestalt Perception

 
 

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via PLoS ONE Alerts: Neuroscience door Bernd Ritzinger et al. op 26-10-12

by Bernd Ritzinger, Elisabeth Huberle, Hans-Otto Karnath

While early and higher visual areas along the ventral visual pathway in the inferotemporal cortex are critical for the recognition of individual objects, the neural representation of human perception of complex global visual scenes remains under debate. Stroke patients with a selective deficit in the perception of a complex global Gestalt with intact recognition of individual objects – a deficit termed simultanagnosia – greatly helped to study this question. Interestingly, simultanagnosia typically results from bilateral lesions of the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). The present study aimed to verify the relevance of this area for human global Gestalt perception. We applied continuous theta-burst TMS either unilaterally (left or right) or bilateral simultaneously over TPJ. Healthy subjects were presented with hierarchically organized visual stimuli that allowed parametrical degrading of the object at the global level. Identification of the global Gestalt was significantly modulated only for the bilateral TPJ stimulation condition. Our results strengthen the view that global Gestalt perception in the human brain involves TPJ and is co-dependent on both hemispheres.

 
 

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dinsdag 23 oktober 2012

Open evaluation: a vision for entirely transparent post-publication peer rev...

 
 

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per pubmed: top authors autorius Kriegeskorte N 12.10.23

Related Articles

Open evaluation: a vision for entirely transparent post-publication peer review and rating for science.

Front Comput Neurosci. 2012;6:79

Authors: Kriegeskorte N

Abstract
The two major functions of a scientific publishing system are to provide access to and evaluation of scientific papers. While open access (OA) is becoming a reality, open evaluation (OE), the other side of the coin, has received less attention. Evaluation steers the attention of the scientific community and thus the very course of science. It also influences the use of scientific findings in public policy. The current system of scientific publishing provides only journal prestige as an indication of the quality of new papers and relies on a non-transparent and noisy pre-publication peer-review process, which delays publication by many months on average. Here I propose an OE system, in which papers are evaluated post-publication in an ongoing fashion by means of open peer review and rating. Through signed ratings and reviews, scientists steer the attention of their field and build their reputation. Reviewers are motivated to be objective, because low-quality or self-serving signed evaluations will negatively impact their reputation. A core feature of this proposal is a division of powers between the accumulation of evaluative evidence and the analysis of this evidence by paper evaluation functions (PEFs). PEFs can be freely defined by individuals or groups (e.g., scientific societies) and provide a plurality of perspectives on the scientific literature. Simple PEFs will use averages of ratings, weighting reviewers (e.g., by H-index), and rating scales (e.g., by relevance to a decision process) in different ways. Complex PEFs will use advanced statistical techniques to infer the quality of a paper. Papers with initially promising ratings will be more deeply evaluated. The continual refinement of PEFs in response to attempts by individuals to influence evaluations in their own favor will make the system ungameable. OA and OE together have the power to revolutionize scientific publishing and usher in a new culture of transparency, constructive criticism, and collaboration.

PMID: 23087639 [PubMed - in process]


 
 

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"ViSA: A neurodynamic model for visuo-spatial working memory, attentional bl...

 
 

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via Psychological Review - Vol 119, Iss 4 by Simione, Luca; Raffone, Antonino; Wolters, Gezinus; Salmas, Paola; Nakatani, Chie; Belardinelli, Marta Olivetti; van Leeuwen, Cees on 10/22/12

Reports an error in "ViSA: A Neurodynamic Model for Visuo-Spatial Working Memory, Attentional Blink, and Conscious Access" by Luca Simione, Antonino Raffone, Gezinus Wolters, Paola Salmas, Chie Nakatani, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli and Cees van Leeuwen ( Psychological Review, Advanced Online Publication, Jul 23, 2012, np). The article was published online missing the link to the supplemental materials. The link to the supplemental materials is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-19411-001.) Two separate lines of study have clarified the role of selectivity in conscious access to visual information. Both involve presenting multiple targets and distracters: one simultaneously in a spatially distributed fashion, the other sequentially at a single location. To understand their findings in a unified framework, we propose a neurodynamic model for Visual Selection and Awareness (ViSA). ViSA supports the view that neural representations for conscious access and visuo-spatial working memory are globally distributed and are based on recurrent interactions between perceptual and access control processors. Its flexible global workspace mechanisms enable a unitary account of a broad range of effects: It accounts for the limited storage capacity of visuo-spatial working memory, attentional cueing, and efficient selection with multi-object displays, as well as for the attentional blink and associated sparing and masking effects. In particular, the speed of consolidation for storage in visuo-spatial working memory in ViSa is not fixed but depends adaptively on the input and recurrent signaling. Slowing down of consolidation due to weak bottom-up and recurrent input as a result of brief presentation and masking leads to the attentional blink. Thus, ViSA goes beyond earlier 2-stage and neuronal global workspace accounts of conscious processing limitations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

 
 

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